Minato Chausuyama Kofun (湊茶臼山古墳), located in Minato, Okayama city, Okayama prefecture, is a zenpōkōenfun measuring approximately 130 meters in total length. While, on the whole, it is fairly flat and low-sitting for a keyhole-shaped tomb, the extremities of its kōenbu (the rounded rear) and zenpōbu (the rectangular front) rise markedly. The land now covered by paddy fields that stretches southward of the tomb was submerged under the ocean during the early 5th century, when it is believed to have been built (refer to the map under the “Map” tab to see the proximity to the Inland Sea).
Minato Chausuyama Kofun apparently has no elaborate stone-chamber burial facility nor central personage buried within. While a large pit (攪乱坑) measuring approximately 3.5 meters in diameter and over 3.5 meters deep was discovered in the center of the kōenbu, it is suspected to be evidence of looting (see this video for a visual of the pit). This is not to say that Minato Chausuyama Kofun is simply a pile of dirt, however; it still functions as a grave: Running parallel to the tomb’s central axis are two secondary burial facilities. Their small size for a kofun measuring over 100 meters and their position off from the kōenbu‘s nucleus strongly suggest to archaeologists that they are the resting places of inferior retainers or family members of the individual supposed to be interred within. Burial Facility 1 measures 4.5m long and 2m wide, and is a simple clay-covered waridakegata mokkan (割竹形木棺; a split-log wooden coffin). Burial Facility 2 measures 7m long and 2m wide, and is an example of a nendokaku (粘土槨), a clay-encased waridakegata mokkan. Neither of these would qualify as the burial facility of a personage requiring an approximately-130-meter-long keyhole tomb. Researchers can only speculate as to why this large-scale tomb does not contain a central burial — and most suggest that (for some reason or another) it is incomplete. This possibility is bolstered by the absence of fukiishi (葺石; paving stones) and the limited number of haniwa figures.
Haniwa are believed to have once lined the kōenbu, but they have found their way into the large, open pit. They appear in two varieties: House-shaped figures (iegata haniwa 家形埴輪) and a partial suit of clay armor. The house is of irimoya (入母屋; hip-and-gable) construction and displays a wickerwork (ajiro 網代) design on its roof. Across its ridgepole is laid a katsuogi (勝魚木, 堅魚木, 鰹木, in addition to many other variations), evidence of its early inclusion into the arsenal of ritual architecture. References in the Kojiki lead one to believe that it was originally reserved solely for members of the imperial family, but soon expanded to other Shinto-related, influential families (the JAANUS page mentions the Nakatomi and Mononobe families).
Another ancient example of irimoya construction, which is seen quite frequently later in Buddhist-temple and Shinto-shrine architecture, is found on a mirror unearthed from Samitatakarazuka Kofun (佐味田宝塚古墳), a late-4th/early-5th century zenpōkōenfun found in the Umami Kofun Group (馬見古墳群; the same kofun group that includes Suyama Kofun, discussed below).
(picture source; see picture source and this link for additional pictures and analysis)
Surrounding the central knob (chū 鈕) are four different designs of Kofun-period houses, and included therein is a house displaying irimoya construction.
Returning to the haniwa recovered at Minato Chausuyama Kofun, all that is extant of the clay suit of armor (if it ever was a complete set connected to a cuirass [tankō 短甲]) is a kusazuri (草摺; skirt of armor worn to protect the lower torso and upper thighs) replica, which bears an ayasugimon (綾杉紋; herringbone design) design, mimicking fastened plates of iron armor.
Structurally of interest concerning Minato Chausuyama Kofun is the projection found on the north side of the tomb, branching off from the zenpōbu (page 3 of this PDF [original source]). This raised projection (danjō ikō 壇状遺構) is connected to the kōenbu via a connecting bridge (rikukyō 陸橋). The following picture is of a danjō ikō, albeit belonging to an altogether different kofun: The altar-like projection atop the tomb’s rectangular rear belongs to Aotsuka Kofun (青塚古墳).
(picture source)
The side projection is believed to be congruous to the shimajō ikō (島状遺構; island projection) found alongside certain large-scale Nara and Osaka tombs, including Suyama Kofun (巣山古墳; 220-meter zenpōkōenfun belonging to the Umami Kofun Group [馬見古墳群] in Nara prefecture, dated to late-4th/early-5th century; positioned as the tomb of a Katsuragi [葛城] family ancestor [Miyayama Kofun (宮山古墳) is another tomb associated with the early Katsuragi]), seen below.
(picture source)
These side projections are believed to have hosted various rites. Some posit that in the burial of the patriarch we can find ritual associated with the succession ceremony. Perhaps these altar-like ritual areas were used to install the next ruler.
Nearby is Urama Chausuyama Kofun (Urama, Okayama city), a zenpōkōefun measuring a total length of 138 meters; the kōenbu is of a three-tiered construction, and the zenpōbu flares outward from a skinny trunk at the juncture of the kōenbu and zenpōbu in the very old plectrum design (bachigata 撥形) characteristic of the earliest keyhole tombs. The oldest large-scale keyhole tomb in the Kibi (吉備) region, it belongs to a class of kofun known as proportionate-scale tombs (sōjikeifun 相似形墳; term coined by author on the fly) — a term that refers to a group of tombs that, while they differ in size, are identical in shape and angles, making one tomb the scaled-up or scaled-down mirror of the “mother” tomb. Urama Chausuyama Kofun is a half-scale replica of Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓古墳), located in Sakurai city, Nara prefecture. Hashihaka Kofun has long been posited by archaeologists as the final resting place of Himiko, the queen of Yamatai, or Toyo/Iyo (臺與/壹與), her successor, although this theory is not without its detractors. While it is not the only proportionate-scale replica of Hashihaka Kofun, it is the largest outside of the Kinai (機内; the Kyoto-Osaka-Nara region of central Japan) region.
It is estimated to have been constructed in the late-3rd/early-4th century, and, for its time, not only ranked as the 4th largest kofun within Japan, but was also the largest kofun outside of the Kinki region.
For more information on Minato Chausuyama Kofun:
http://www.city.okayama.jp/museum/kofun1/index2.html
For more information on Urama Chausuyama Kofun:
http://www2e.biglobe.ne.jp/~fujimoto/joto/urama.htm
http://www2a.biglobe.ne.jp/~marusan/phuramatyausuyamakofun1.html
http://www.city.okayama.jp/museum/kofun1/01.html
For more information on Suyama Kofun:
http://www.town.koryo.nara.jp/contents_detail.php?co=kak&frmId=28
http://homepage2.nifty.com/mononoke-kofun-room/HP/suyama.htm
http://www.eonet.ne.jp/~etizenkikou/suyamakofun.htm
湊茶臼山古墳:中心人物の埋葬、形跡なし…想像広げファン興奮--現地説明会 /岡山
毎日新聞 12月24日(金)15時52分配信 [2010]
岡山市教育委員会が発掘調査している湊茶臼山古墳(中区湊)の現地説明会が23日、あった。古墳には主(あるじ)を埋葬した形跡がなく、地元住民や考古学ファンら約180人が集まり、発掘調査の担当者の説明に熱心に耳を傾けていた。【石井尚】
同古墳は5世紀初めごろに造られたと考えられる前方後円墳。埋葬状況を確認するため、古墳の後円部を掘り下げたところ、中央に直径約3・5メートル、深さ約3・5メートルの盗掘抗とみられる穴跡が発見された。だが石室や副葬品などの埋葬施設は見つからなかった。また盗掘抗の近くには2基の木棺と粘土で造られた埋葬施設が確認されたが、中心人物の埋葬とは考えにくいという。
発掘を担当した市教委文化財課主任の安川満さんは「今回の調査では何もないことがわかった。理由を考えるのは難しいが、当時、政変などがあり埋葬されなかったのかも知れない」と話した。説明会に参加した倉敷市西坂、会社員、佐藤光範さん(80)は「中心人物の被葬者がいないから、そのはにわがなかった。大発見です」と興奮した様子で話した。12月24日朝刊
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20101224-00000181-mailo-l33
AR2010/12/27